SABBATH AND FESTIVALS

\<!   \> \!shavuotfestival of the first fruitscelebrated in a kibbutz in israel with the presentation of first fruits. Shavuot—festival of the first fruits—celebrated in a kibbutz in Israel with the presentation of first fruits. In the Temple period, Shavuot was the time when the individual farmer would set out with his neighbors in joyous procession to Jerusalem, bringing a selection of his ripe first fruits (bikkurim) as a thanksgiving offering. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem.   THE JEWISH HOLY DAYS AND FESTIVALS FALL INTO TWO CATEGORIES: THOSE COMMANDED BY THE PENTATEUCH, SUCH AS SABBATH, ROSH HA-SHANAH, DAY OF ATONEMENT (YOM KIPPUR), AND THE PILGRIM FESTIVALS (PASSOVER, SHAVUOT, AND SUKKOT), AND THOSE ADDED LATER, SUCH AS PURIM (1ST–2ND CENTURY C.E.) AND ḤANUKKAH (2ND CENTURY). ALL THESE ARE OBSERVED IN VARIOUS WAYS BY JEWS AROUND THE WORLD.   Yemenite Jews celebrate the last day of anukkah. The traditional stone-made hanukkiyyah, also called a menorah, is fully lit. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem. Yemenite Jews celebrate the last day of Ḥanukkah. The traditional stone-made hanukkiyyah, also called a menorah, is fully lit. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem.   A Jewish family from Bukhara celebrating their first anukkah in Israel. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem. A Jewish family from Bukhara celebrating their first Ḥanukkah in Israel. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem.     \<!   \> \!three young children practice sabbath candle lighting at a day school in berlin. david h. wellscorbis. Three young children practice Sabbath candle lighting at a day school in Berlin. © David H. Wells/Corbis.     \<!   \> \!an israeli man and his daughters burn food containing leavening as part of their preparation for passover. ronen zvulunreuterscorbis. An Israeli man and his daughters burn food containing leavening as part of their preparation for Passover. © Ronen Zvulun/Reuters/Corbis.   A young boy pats down the soil around a sapling he has just planted for the Tu Bi-Shevat holidaythe New Year for TreesHerzliyya, Israel, 2000. Hanan IsacharCorbis. A young boy pats down the soil around a sapling he has just planted for the Tu Bi-Shevat holiday—the "New Year for Trees"—Herzliyya, Israel, 2000. © Hanan Isachar/Corbis.     An Israeli girl kneels as a man waves a chicken over her head during a kaparot ceremony in Bnei Brak, Israel, 2005. Kaparot is performed before Yom Kippur, and it is believed that sins from the past year are transferred to the chicken. An Israeli girl kneels as a man waves a chicken over her head during a kaparot ceremony in Bnei Brak, Israel, 2005. Kaparot is performed before Yom Kippur, and it is believed that sins from the past year are transferred to the chicken. The bird is then slaughtered and given to the poor. Photo by David Silverman/Getty Images.     Laden table at the Maimuna festivala celebration held by all Maghrebi Jews and many Eastern communities after the closing of the last day of Passover, which, according to tradition, is the anniversary of the death of Maimonides father Laden table at the Maimuna festival—a celebration held by all Maghrebi Jews and many Eastern communities after the closing of the last day of Passover, which, according to tradition, is the anniversary of the death of Maimonides' father Maimon ben Joseph. Photo: Nathan Alpert, Israel Government Press Office.     The Deller Family Sukkah. Permanently at the Israel Museum Jerusalem, painted wood with traditional symbolic pictures, Fischach, Southern Germany, c. 1837. Wood, oil paint. 1961. Gift of the Deller family with the help of Dr. Heinrich Feuchtwan The Deller Family Sukkah. Permanently at the Israel Museum Jerusalem, painted wood with traditional symbolic pictures, Fischach, Southern Germany, c. 1837. Wood, oil paint. 196/1. Gift of the Deller family with the help of Dr. Heinrich Feuchtwanger. Photo © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, by Avraham Hay.     Israeli youth carry a Torah scroll during the celebration of Simat Torah (Rejoicing over the Law) at Rabins square in Tel Aviv, 2005. Eyal OferCorbis. at Rabins square in Tel Aviv, 2005. Eyal OferCorbis.") Israeli youth carry a Torah scroll during the celebration of Simḥat Torah (Rejoicing over the Law) at Rabin's square in Tel Aviv, 2005. © Eyal Ofer/Corbis.   Purim, Adloyada festival, Tel Aviv. Photo: David Harris. Purim, Adloyada festival, Tel Aviv. Photo: David Harris.   Half Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA SECOND EDITION VOLUME 7 FEY–GOR FRED SKOLNIK, Editor in Chief MICHAEL BERENBAUM, Executive Editor Copyright Page copyright page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor Shlomo S. (Yosh) Gafni, Editorial Project Manager Rachel Gilon, Editorial Project Planning and Control Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning Gordon Macomber, President Frank Menchaca, Senior Vice President and Publisher Jay Flynn, Publisher Hélène Potter, Publishing Director Keter Publishing House Yiphtach Dekel, Chief Executive Officer Peter Tomkins, Executive Project Director Complete staff listings appear in Volume 1 ©2007 Keter Publishing House Ltd. Gale, is a part of The Cengage Learning Inc. Cengage, Burst Logo and Macmillan Reference USA are trademarks and Gale is a registered trademark used herein under license. 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Jews — Encyclopedias. I. Skolnik, Fred. II. Berenbaum, Michael, 1945- DS102.8.E496 2007 909′.04924 — dc22      2006020426 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-865928-2 (set) 978-0-02-865929-9 (vol. 1) 978-0-02-865930-5 (vol. 2) 978-0-02-865931-2 (vol. 3) 978-0-02-865932-9 (vol. 4) 978-0-02-865933-6 (vol. 5) 978-0-02-865934-3 (vol. 6) 978-0-02-865935-0 (vol. 7) 978-0-02-865936-7 (vol. 8) 978-0-02-865937-4 (vol. 9) 978-0-02-865938-1 (vol. 10) 978-0-02-865939-8 (vol. 11) 978-0-02-865940-4 (vol. 12) 978-0-02-865941-1 (vol. 13) 978-0-02-865942-8 (vol. 14) 978-0-02-865943-5 (vol. 15) 978-0-02-865944-2 (vol. 16) 978-0-02-865945-9 (vol. 17) 978-0-02-865946-6 (vol. 18) 978-0-02-865947-3 (vol. 19) 978-0-02-865948-0 (vol. 20) 978-0-02-865949-7 (vol. 21) 978-0-02-865950-3 (vol. 22) This title is also available as an e-book ISBN-10: 0-02-866097-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-866097-4 Contact your Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Entries FEY–GOR 5 • Abbreviations GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS 787 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN RABBINICAL LITERATURE 788 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS 794 • Transliteration Rules 807 Glossary 810 FEYGENBERG (Imri), RAKHEL FEYGENBERG (Imri), RAKHEL (1885–1972), Yiddish and Hebrew author, translator, and journalist. Rakhel Feygenberg was born in Luban, Minsk Province, Belorussia. She wrote about Russian-Jewish life, notably in her books on the 1919 pogroms, A Pinkes fun a Toyter Shtot ("Record Book of a Dead Town," 1926); Oyf di Bregn fun Dnyester ("On the Shores of the Dniester," 1925). Her Shomer-influenced Di Kinder-Yohren (Dos Naye Leben, 1905; Warsaw, 1910) is an impressive achievement for a 20-year old. Her novel Tekhter ("Daughters") was serialized in Warsaw's Moment in 1913. She went to Palestine in 1924 for the first time, left in 1926, returned and settled in 1933, and under the name of Rakhel Imri came to write exclusively in Hebrew. A resident of Tel Aviv, she translated most of her Yiddish works into Hebrew, notably her magnum opus, Megilot Yehudey Rusya: 1905–1964 ("Scrolls of Russian Jewry: 1905–1964," 1965).   -BIBLIOGRAPHY: Rejzen, Leksikon, 3 (1929), 49–56; LNYL, 7 (1968), 343–6; Kressel, Leksikon, 1 (1965), 125–6. (Leonard Prager (2nd ed.)